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| <back | home Street Orchards for Community Security by Brad Lancaster My view of public streets was radically changed when I heard ecovillage designer Max Lindegger tell a story of an insightful walk he took with his grandfather. "Look there," said his grandfather, pointing to condominiums being built on the once-forested slopes above his village in the Swiss Alps. "That’s where we grew and gathered food during the war. The forests were common land, a reserve of community resources. What commons remain? Where will we grow and gather our food in the next catastrophe?" I then looked at my Sonoran desert city of Tucson, Arizona and asked myself, "Where are my community’s forests, our commons? Where would we get our food in times of need?" Over 450 native food plants grow wild in the intact areas of the Sonoran Desert(1). The velvet mesquite tree is one of the keystone species producing a reliable crop of diabetes-deterring (1), naturally sweet protein- and carbohydrate-rich seeds and seedpods in both wet years and drought(2). Thus it used to be a staple of the indigenous people’s diets. Yet the vast majority of these trees and the greater ecosystem have been bulldozed within my city to be replaced with a hot and inhospitable pavement of impermeable streets, parking lots and buildings or landscapes of exotic plants dependent upon irrigation from dwindling water supplies. The pavement drains much of our scant 12 inches of average annual rainfall out of the community through runoff and evaporation. Yet this pavement is also the corridor through which most of our food arrives. According to the WorldWatch Institute, the average American meal travels a ridiculous 1,500 to 2,500 miles from the farm to the table(3). If oil supplies fueling semi-trailers disappeared, we’d be without food. If the power that fuels our well pumps went out, we’d be out of water. We are creating the conditions for catastrophe. But that can change by turning ‘wastes’ into resources, and turning challenges into opportunity. The majority of public land — our commons — in the urban setting is our public streets and adjoining rights-of-way. All too often there is little or no vegetation there, let alone a forest. But the resources (soil, local nursery and backyard grown native plants, rainwater runoff, and people) to grow a forest, or at least regionally appropriate orchards, are there. Once established, native food plants can survive on our natural rainfall patterns without irrigation. With harvested rainfall these plants can thrive. The vast majority of Tucson’s stormwater runoff is currently diverted straight from roofs, driveways, patios, parking lots, and convex landscapes to public streets that flood to resemble rivers; the runoff then exits via storm drains. If we recognize that runoff is an asset rather than a liability, before it runs down the drain, we can harvest it to sustainably grow native food forests on public rights-of-way along the neighborhood streets that act like ephemerally flowing riverbeds and within public parks and on private property. That’s a big part of the idea behind a collaborative effort in my hometown called Desert Harvesters (www.DesertHarvesters.org), which strives to promote, celebrate, and enhance local food production and security by planting indigenous, food-bearing shade trees in water harvesting earthworks and shows folks how to harvest and process the bounty. Annual events include neighborhood tree plantings, milling events that grind mesquite seedpods harvested from neighborhood trees into delicious flour, and native/local food feasts. Planting community roots We encourage neighborhood activists to organize tree plantings in their communities, emphasizing hardy, food-producing shade trees native to the Tucson Basin. We provide a list of the recommended trees, their description, and some of their uses on our website. These trees are the best for the area, since they have adapted over millennia to our local climate and soils, and coevolved with the native wildlife. Neighbors can purchase these trees in 5-gallon sizes for just $5 each, thanks to generous subsidies from Tucson Electric Power Company and the local program Trees for Tucson. A community tree-planting day is set for each neighborhood to distribute their trees, and it’s kicked off with a free workshop on how to plant them in water-harvesting earthworks. Volunteer crews of neighborhood residents then set out to plant trees along their streets, sidewalks, and in private yards. Within hours of planting the neighborhood feels changed for the better: more neighbors know each other. The trees show the care and commitment people have for their community, and water harvesting earthworks can be observed by all. Within six years of planting the trees are full and beautiful, regularly blooming with seasonal color. Neighborhoods find that as native habitat grows back within the urban core, exotic pigeon populations start to be replaced by native bird life such as cardinals, flycatchers, cactus wrens, curve-billed thrashers, white-winged doves, gamble’s quail, and gila woodpeckers. The community’s sense of place becomes reconnected to the flora and fauna of the local ecosystem, which is becoming reestablished right outside their homes. Within eight to ten years of planting, the tree-shaded sections of the neighborhood are noticeably cooler than unplanted areas. This confirms what studies have shown - shade trees growing along streets can cool the summer temperatures of urban neighborhoods by 10°F, if the canopy shades enough of the hardscape(4). This can greatly reduce a community’s power consumption since less power is then needed to mechanically cool buildings. Plant a tree and you plant an air conditioner. Additional indigenous food trees in the Tucson area include foothills palo verde (Cercidium microphyllum) and blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum), producing delicious flowers and barley-flavored seeds, and desert ironwood (Olneya tesota), with peanut-flavored seeds. Many native plants also have medicinal value and provide craft materials such as dyes, wood, glues, fiber, and more. Native food trees in other regions might include oak, pinyon pine, sugar maple, or date palm. A Very Extended Harvest Harvesting advice is given on our website, and harvesting workshops are given in areas of the community where the trees have been planted. The harvest extends well beyond the picking of fruit and seed. We also try to get folks to realize the value of harvesting the local resources that will support and enhance the trees, such as rainwater runoff and mulch. We encourage implementation of rainwater-harvesting cisterns to augment water harvesting earthworks with captured roof runoff. Enhanced water harvesting earthworks are placed along streets to use street runoff to passively irrigate the trees planted along the streets. This simultaneously enhances local water resources while creating a beautiful, multi-purpose greenfrastucture of flood-controlling landscapes. For more information on these strategies please see my upcoming book, "Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands" (www.HarvestingRainwater.com). In addition to harvesting runoff, the basin-like earthworks passively harvest mulch in the form of leaf and fruit drop. The mulch increases the rate at which rainfall is absorbed into the soil, minimizes water loss to evaporation, and naturally fertilizes the soil. Rather than strip-mining nutrients from the trees and soil by raking away fallen leaves and fruit drop, we encourage folks to let this organic matter collect within the basins around the trees to naturally decompose and cycle back into the vegetation and soil. Prunings are cut up into 4-inch-long sections and laid beneath the trees from which they were cut. Harvest your leaf drop and prunings, and the nutrient loop becomes regenerative. Trees grow taller and stronger. Milling Mesquite We live in a society that is often short on time and in search of convenience. Traditional means of grinding mesquite pods and processing other wild foods often demand more time than busy folks are willing to give up. So we sought to speed up the process and make it fun. Thanks to a $4,900 PRO Neighborhoods grant (www.proneighborhoods.org), we were able to purchase a farm-scale hammermill and mount it to a trailer to make it mobile. We take the mill to various public milling events around the community to which folks can bring their harvested mesquite pods. The hammermill can grind ten gallons of whole mesquite pods into two gallons of finely textured, naturally sweet flour in just ten minutes. Traditionally this would’ve taken hours or days. The milling events are typically held in conjunction with local farmers’ markets or mesquite pancake feasts to enhance the diversity of available foods and to expose folks to the wonderful flavors and potential abundance of locally grown foods. The events are organized in October at community gardens, the community food bank, and community centers to correspond with the late summer garden harvest and the end of the mesquite pod harvest. Mesquite pancakes served with prickly pear and saguaro syrups or backyard honey ‘plant the seeds’ of the native foods’ delicious tastes and potential within the minds and palates of the hungry public. Sale of, and feasting on, local garden produce like corn, squash, tomatoes, and tepary beans, and cultural foods like tamales, sweet potato pie, and pickled cholla buds are encouraged. Local musicians play as folks eat, and the hammermill is fired up to grind the mesquite pods brought by community members who harvested over the summer. Flour goes home with the harvesters, and in their kitchens it becomes mesquite breads, cookies, and sauces. By planting, harvesting, and sharing the produce of the native ecosystem and backyard gardens, these foods become sustainable parts of our daily experience, community and cultural identity, and food security. Many of these plants, particularly the natives, do not need imported resources to grow. By incorporating such strategies as water harvesting, passive mulching, and strategic planting (such as along streets or on the east and west sides of buildings), local resources are enhanced, wildlife can prosper, neighborhoods are beautified, and communities are made more livable. By sharing and celebrating community efforts and resources, knowledge is spread, the value and appreciation of local resources grows, and community ties and investment build. All of this is an integrated means of designing to thwart catastrophe, while enhancing our lives now. And the benefits steadily grow with the trees, the relationships we have initiated with our neighbors, and a deeper connection to place and the resources that sustain it. References 1. Hodgson, Wendy. Food Plants of the Sonoran Desert. University of Arizona Press, 2001. 2. Niethammer, Carolyn J. The Tumbleweed Gourmet: Cooking with Wild Southwestern Plants. University of Arizona Press, 1987. 3. Halweil, Brian. Home Grown - The Case For Local Food in a Global Market. WorldWatch Paper 163, WorldWatch Institute, 2002. 4. Hammond, Johnathan, Marshall Hunt, Richard Cramer, and Lauren Neubauer. A Strategy for Energy Conservation: Proposed Energy Conservation and Solar Utilization Ordinance for the City of Davis, California, City of Davis, CA Energy Conservation Ordinance Project, 1974. Brad Lancaster is a permaculture teacher, designer, consultant, and activist living in Tucson, Arizona. He is a co-founder of Desert Harvesters (www.DesertHarvesters.org). In addition, he is the author of "Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands - How to Welcome the Rain Into Your Life and Landscape" (www.HarvestingRainwater.com) due out spring 2005. © Brad Lancaster 2004. <back | top^ |